Concept

Search scheme — where it appears

A list of searches over a bidirectional index, each fixing an order for the pattern's pieces and a ceiling on the errors allowed after each one. It is valid when its searches between them cover every way the errors can fall, which is a finite check rather than an argument.

Named by 6 essays across 5 fields — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

right to left8302.74xleft to right8772.89xone per piece4471.48xthe scheme3031.00xinterval extensionsall four found the same 6 positions15 characters · k = 22.74x apart

The search that starts in the middle

The same pattern, the same six occurrences, the same index — and 830 interval extensions, or 303, according to which end the search begins at. A pattern cut into three pieces has an error-free one, and only a search with two ends can start there.

text · Distance
forward · wavelet tree18,377forward · rank directories5,037forward · C table100forward · sample marks8,193forward · sampled positions3,598reverse · wavelet tree18,377reverse · rank directories5,037reverse · C table100reverse · sample marks8,193droppedreverse · sampled positions3,598dropped8,192 characters · sampling every 3216.7% of both halves

The half that is never asked where

A bidirectional index is two indexes and one interval. One of them is asked for ranks several hundred times a search and for a position never — and the parts that answer "where" are two of the five it is made of.

indexes · Distance
both halves, one in 3215.0 steps100.0% the sizeforward sampled one in 3215.0 steps83.3% the sizeforward sampled one in 167.0 steps88.4% the sizeforward sampled one in 83.0 steps98.5% the sizeforward sampled one in 41.7 steps118.8% the size8,192 characters · 6 occurrences5.0x faster, 98.5% the size

The saving, spent

A bidirectional index whose reverse half cannot locate is a sixth smaller. Give that sixth back to the half that does locate, and the same total size answers a locate five times faster.

practice · Distance
level 0 · left335 keptlevel 1 · right+207 smallerlevel 2 · left61 keptlevel 3 · right+33 smallerlevel 4 · left8 keptpositions still in play, and the half the code leaves behindsmaller symbols before position 400: 240rank of "m": 8 — from the same 5 operationsσ 21 · code 010105 ranks, not 105

Every child at once

A bidirectional extension counts the occurrences of every symbol smaller than the one being added, and this collection did it with one rank per symbol — 139.7 operations an extension on a twenty-six-letter alphabet. One walk down the tree gives the same number.

indexes · Symbol
errors, by piecetaken by(0, 0, 0)1(0, 0, 1)1(0, 0, 2)1(0, 1, 0)1(0, 1, 1)1(0, 2, 0)3(1, 0, 0)2(1, 0, 1)2(1, 1, 0)3(2, 0, 0)30 of 10 covered more than once · the numbers are the searchesk = 2 · 3 pieces10 distributions

A schedule nobody writes down

A search scheme is valid when its searches between them cover every way the errors can fall — ten cases at two errors, enumerable in a line. A scheme missing one of them finds seven occurrences of eight, all real, at the right error counts, and reports nothing wrong.

wrong · Distance
051015510152025symbols in the alphabetfactor saved, and per cent paidranks saved, as a factorbits paid, per cent8,192 characters · 2 errorsx14.0 for 0.04%

A factor of fourteen, for four per cent

The compound walk removes a factor of σ from every interval extension. It requires a tree whose leaves are in order, which costs between nothing and five per cent of the wavelet tree. Both numbers on one plate, and the trade is not close.

bounds · Symbol

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

Bidirectional indexIndex sizeRankAlphabetIntervalWavelet treeApproximate matchingBackward searchCompound operationConstant factorError budgetFilter

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