Field

What a bound is

Asymptotic notation is a statement about a limit, not a measurement. Knowing precisely what it claims is the difference between using it and being misled by it.
10010³10010³10⁴10⁵10⁶ncomparisonsInsertionHeapsortMergeShellsorta power law is a straight line herecomparisons, counted exactly

What O-notation does not say

Big-O is a statement about a limit. It does not say how fast, it does not say which is better, it does not say anything at all about any particular n, and it discards precisely the factor that usually decides the answer. Knowing exactly what it claims is the difference between using it and being misled by it.

comparisons ÷ n log nMerge sort0.855Merge sort with a cutoff0.992Quicksort, random pivot1.018Quicksort, first-element1.082Quicksort, median of three1.117Shellsort1.246Heapsort1.649all of these fit n log n1.9× between best and worst

The constant the notation drops

Six algorithms on this site are Θ(n log n) and their comparison counts differ by a factor of two. The class is what they have in common; the constant is what distinguishes them. It is measurable to three digits, it is the number that actually decides between them, and it is precisely the number the classification is designed to discard.

-50%-40%-30%-20%-10%0%10%20%2561,0244,09616,384α = 0.5α = 0.8α = 0.9α = 0.95table size (slots)measured minus formula, relativemean of 6 fills per pointgreen band: within 5% of the formula

A limit is not a prediction

Measured from n = 64 to n = 4,096, this site's hybrid merge sort fits a linear class better than n log n. Measured out to n = 65,536, the ranking reverses. Nothing changed but the range — and this is not a flaw in the method, it is the method finding the exact place where measurement stops being able to help.

All essays