Series

Repeat — the series

8 essays on one idea, from the one that introduces it to the one that assumes the rest.
  1. 1,00010,00010³10⁴bits · runs12481632characters in the collection · copies aboven·H₃, bitsr, runs in thetransformEnglish-like · base 512 · divergence 0n·H₃ x15.8 · r x1.00

    The entropy that cannot see a copy

    Two copies of a text have exactly the same symbol statistics as one, so every entropy on this site doubles when the second copy arrives and the second copy carries no information at all. The number of runs in the Burrows-Wheeler transform is 224 at two copies and 224 at thirty-two.

    part 1 · text
  2. 1,00010,00010⁴10⁵characters in the collectionbitsFM-index, plainFM-index, compressedrun-length indexsample one in 64 · divergence 0 · r = 22411,900 bits at 32 copies

    The index that stores the runs

    A compressed self-index over thirty-two copies of a text is 30,557 bits, because its size follows an entropy that cannot see a copy. An index that stores the transform as its runs is 11,900 — and at a single copy it is the larger of the two, which is what makes the comparison a claim about repetition rather than about size.

    part 2 · indexes
  3. sampled positions3,855grows with nsample marks2,056grows with nrun starts2,016grows with rrun lengths per symbol1,885grows with rrun heads1,563grows with rC table525grows with r11,900 bits in total16,384 characters · r = 224 · sample one in 6450% is the sampling

    What is still proportional to n

    An index whose size is a function of the run count still has an n in it, and at thirty-two copies of a text the n is half of it. Everything that stores the transform grew by 45 per cent; the two arrays that answer "where" grew by eighteen times, and neither of them has anything to do with repetition.

    part 3 · space
  4. 10110100runs in the transform, rbitsthe structurelog₂ N(r)12 characters · 2 symbols · all 4,096 texts walkedgap 14.1x–92.0x

    A floor under a run count

    A structure whose size is a function of the number of runs in a transform must give a different bit string to every text with that many runs, so it needs at least the logarithm of how many such texts there are. That count is walked rather than estimated — all four thousand and ninety-six of them — and the representation everybody uses turns out to have five bits of slack.

    part 4 · floors
  5. sampled positions6,99041%phi predecessor3,95223%run starts2,09712%run lengths per symbol1,97012%run heads1,5389%C table5003%English-like · n = 16,385 · r = 233the sampling is the two shaded rowsone unit = one bit17,047 bits · 1.04 bits/char

    The sampling that follows the runs

    A run-length index over thirty-two copies of one text spends 11,286 bits on its suffix-array sampling and 5,605 on the transform it was built to compress. Sample at the run boundaries instead and the sampling is 10,942 bits that stop moving — two values per run, and a function that fills in everything between them.

    part 5 · indexes
  6. 10,000110sampling, bitssteps per occurrence1 in 21 in 41 in 81 in 161 in 321 in 641 in 128r-indexEnglish-like · 16 copies · r = 233pattern " time "

    Every occurrence at the same price

    A regular sampling has one dial and it moves two costs together — 1,495 bits at 63 LF steps an occurrence, 131,088 bits at none. A sampling at the run boundaries sits at 10,244 bits and one predecessor query, which is a point the curve reaches only at 69,649.

    part 6 · space
  7. English-like, 32 copies0.05x0.017 runs/charEnglish-like, 8 copies0.12x0.045 runs/chara text that repeats itself0.08x0.029 runs/charEnglish-like0.80x0.292 runs/charfour symbols, uniform2.07x0.753 runs/charthe whole suffix arraysampling bits, run boundaries / every valuen = 8,192

    A sampling that costs more than the array

    On four-symbol text the transform has 0.75 runs a character, so a sampling of two suffix-array values per run is one and a half values per position — 271,565 bits against the 131,088 that keeping every value costs. The structure built to remove a term proportional to the text is twice the thing it replaced.

    part 7 · wrong
  8. 1,00010,00010⁴bits12481632characters in the collection · copies aboveFM-index, compressedr-indexphrase indexEnglish-like · divergence 0z 156 · r 233

    The collection decides which index is small

    Three compressed self-indexes over one text of five hundred characters measure 3,511, 7,285 and 10,974 bits. Repeat that text thirty-two times and the same three measure 34,615, 8,892 and 17,047 — the ordering has completely reversed, and nothing about any of the structures changed.

    part 8 · indexes

All series