The collection

Every essay — page 14

Page 14 of 14, continuing through the fields in the same order.

What a bound is Counting The floors What the machine does Structures Two parameters The other axis When the algorithm flips a coin What the libraries do When it does not fit One pass, and no room The data that is not a number When the algorithm is a table The index that replaces the text What is taught wrongly Ladders Objects Search

What is taught wrongly

The comparisons that are made without units, the averages quoted without their distributions, and the bounds treated as predictions of speed.

01e+42e+43e+44e+450100one sampled position in every …bitsplain, one bit a rowcompressed blocksElias-Fano16,384 rowscrosses at one in 4

Where the sparse representation loses

At every row marked, Elias–Fano costs twice the plain vector. The crossing is at one row in four, which is a sampling rate a real index uses — so the choice between the two is a choice, not an improvement.

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bits heldthe model3,591the structure3,905one rank, in operationsbinary search10 stepsselect and walk1 select + 0.7016,385 rows · one in 32 marked14x on the operation

A price with no structure under it

A class in this collection has charged Elias–Fano's price for several strands and stores an array of positions searched by binary search. The accounting is right about space to a bit per thousand and wrong about one operation by a factor of eight.

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factor against the published loopthe compound walk11xthe enumeration78xthe two, multiplied860xnothing measures thisan index with both78xthe shortfall is 11x, and the walk's factor is 11x6 patterns · 1 error · sigma 21the larger of the two, not the product

Two factors that do not multiply

Eleven times and seventy-eight times against the same baseline, so an index with both should be eight hundred and sixty. It is seventy-eight, and the shortfall is eleven — the first factor, exactly, because the second operation already contains it.

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0100200300400102030copies of the basebits held during one querythe visited set: 420the frontier: 2666-character patterns20x to 1.58x

A constant factor, not a term

The substitution was expected to remove a quantity proportional to the answer. Both traversals hold a quantity proportional to the answer, and what it removes is a factor of 1.6 that shrinks as the collection grows.

8 figures
10100states the cache holdsoperations a characterthe plain NFA: 52.5the whole set fits: 19.94,096 characters · k = 8the knee is at 512 states

A cache below the reachable set

A lazy machine with a cache of two hundred and fifty-six states costs fifty-one operations a character and a plain non-deterministic simulation costs fifty-three. At five hundred and twelve it costs eleven. The line is flat across two orders of magnitude and then falls off a cliff.

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1010³10⁴10⁵10⁶characters of textstepsbacktrackingThompson's NFAopen points: capped at4,000,000(a|a)*b12,158x at 20 characters

The folklore is about a matcher

Four million steps against three hundred and twenty-nine, on a twenty-character expression matched against twenty characters. One of the two machines doubles with every character of the input and the other does not, and only one of them is what a regular expression is.

8 figures